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Improvement of solidification model and analysis of 3D channel blockage with MPS method

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 946-958 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0754-z

摘要： In a severe accident of a nuclear power reactor, coolant channel blockage by solidified molten core debris may significantly influence the core degradations that follow. The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is one of the Lagrangian-based particle methods for analyzing incompressible flows. In the study described in this paper, a novel solidification model for analyzing melt flowing channel blockage with the MPS method has been developed, which is suitable to attain a sufficient numerical accuracy with a reasonable calculation cost. The prompt velocity diffusion by viscosity is prioritized over the prompt velocity correction by the pressure term (for assuring incompressibility) within each time step over the “mushy zone” (between the solidus and liquidus temperature) for accurate modeling of solidification before fixing the coordinates of the completely solidified particles. To sustain the numerical accuracy and stability, the corrective matrix and particle shifting techniques have been applied to correct the discretization errors from irregular particle arrangements and to recover the regular particle arrangements, respectively. To validate the newly developed algorithm, 2-D benchmark analyses are conducted for steady-state freezing of the water in a laminar flow between two parallel plates. Furthermore, 3-D channel blockage analyses of a boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel support piece have been performed. The results show that a partial channel blockage develops from the vicinity of the speed limiter, which does not fully develop into a complete channel blockage, but still diverts the incoming melt flow that follows to the orifice region.

关键词： boiling water reactor (BWR) severe accident channel blockage moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method solidification

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Experimental study of the effects of structured surface geometry on water spray cooling performance innon-boiling regime

Minghou LIU, Yaqing WANG, Dong LIU, Kan XU, Yiliang CHEN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 75-82 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0014-0

摘要： Experiments were conducted to study the effects of enhanced surfaces on heat transfer performance during water spray cooling in non-boiling regime. The surface enhancement is straight fin. The structures were machined on the top surface of heated copper blocks with a cross-sectional area of 10 mm×10 mm. The spray was performed using Unijet full cone nozzles with a volumetric flux of 0.044–0.053 m /(m ·s) and a nozzle height of 17 mm. It is found that the heat transfer is obviously enhanced for straight fin surfaces relative to the flat surface. However, the increment decreases as the fin height increases. For flat surface and enhanced surfaces with a fin height of 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm, as the coolant flux increases, the heat flux increases as well. However, for finned surface with a height of 0.4 mm, the heat flux is not sensitive to the coolant volumetric flux. Changed film thickness and the form of water/surface interaction due to an enhanced surface structure (different fin height) are the main reasons for changing of the local heat transfer coefficient.

关键词： spray cooling finned surface heat transfer

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Flow boiling heat transfer in circulating fluidized bed

Xiaoguang REN , Jiangdong ZHENG , Sefiane KHELLIl , Arumemi-Ikhide MICHAEL ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 85-89 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0067-5

摘要： In order to enhance heat transfer and mitigate contamination in the boiling processes, a new type of vapor-liquid-solid (3-phase) circulating fluidized bed boiling system has been designed, combining a circulating fluidized bed with boiling heat transfer. Experimental results show an enhancement of the boiling curve. Flow visualization studies concerning flow hydrodynamics within the riser column are also conducted whose results are presented and discussed.

关键词： vapor-liquid-solid three phase flow boiling heat transfer circulating fluidized bed

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Nucleate boiling in two types of vertical narrow channels

Lei GUO, Shusheng ZHANG, Lin CHENG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 250-256 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0128-4

摘要： To explore the mechanism of boiling bubble dynamics in narrow channels, we investigate 2-mm wide I- and Z-shaped channels. The influence of wall contact angle on bubble generation and growth is studied using numerical simulation. The relationships between different channel shapes and the pressure drop are also examined, taking into account the effects of gravity, surface tension, and wall adhesion. The wall contact angle imposes considerable influence over the morphology of bubbles. The smaller the wall contact angle, the rounder the bubbles, and the less time the bubbles take to depart from the wall. Otherwise, the bubbles experience more difficulty in departure. Variations in the contact angle also affect the heat transfer coefficient. The greater the wall contact angle, the larger the bubble-covered area. Therefore, wall thermal resistance increases, bubble nucleation is suppressed, and the heat transfer coefficient is lowered. The role of surface tension in boiling heat transfer is considerably more important than that of gravity in narrow channels. The generation of bubbles dramatically disturbs the boundary layer, and the bubble bottom micro-layer can enhance heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient of Z-shaped channels is larger than that of the I-shaped type, and the pressure drop of the former is clearly higher.

关键词： nucleate boiling narrow channel numerical simulation bubble dynamics

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An old issue and a new challenge for nuclear reactor safety

F. D’AURIA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 854-859 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0729-0

摘要： Nuclear reactor safety (NRS) and the branch accident analysis (AA) constitute proven technologies: these are based on, among the other things, long lasting research and operational experience in the area of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR). Large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) has been, so far, the orienting scenario within AA and a basis for the design of reactors. An incomplete vision for those technologies during the last few years is as follows: Progress in fundamentals was stagnant, namely in those countries where the WCNR were designed. Weaknesses became evident, noticeably in relation to nuclear fuel under high burn-up. Best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) techniques were perfected and available for application. Electronic and informatics systems were in extensive use and their impact in case of accident becomes more and more un-checked (however, quite irrelevant in case of LBLOCA). The time delay between technological discoveries and applications was becoming longer. The present paper deals with the LBLOCA that is inserted into the above context. Key conclusion is that regulations need suitable modification, rather than lowering the importance and the role of LBLOCA. Moreover, strengths of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) and containment need a tight link.

关键词： large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) nuclear reactor safety (NRS) licensing perspectives basis for design of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR)

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中国新一代核能核燃料总体发展战略研究

李冠兴,周邦新,肖岷,焦拥军,任忠鸣

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第1期页码 6-11 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.002

摘要：

本文深入分析和研究了国内外压水堆燃料和材料技术，快堆及其他先进堆燃料技术以及核燃料循环相关材料技术发展的现状和趋势，提出了我国压水堆、快堆及其他先进堆核燃料与材料，以及核燃料循环材料发展的目标、发展路线图和重点任务。压水堆是我国21世纪相当长时间内核能发电及能源结构转型的主力堆型。作为压水堆发展重要支撑的核燃料及材料基本实现了国产化，但还没有实现品牌自主化。我国的快堆及快堆核燃料发展面临机遇和挑战，核燃料循环产业面临重大历史性发展机遇和巨大挑战。最后对我国的压水堆、快堆、其他先进堆型核燃料及材料，以及我国核燃料循环材料的发展提出了建议。

关键词：核燃料核材料轻水堆压水堆快堆燃料循环

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Experimental study of critical flow of water at supercritical pressure

Yuzhou CHEN, Chunsheng YANG, Shuming ZHANG, Minfu ZHAO, Kaiwen DU, Xu CHENG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 175-180 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0029-6

摘要： Experimental studies of the critical flow of water were conducted under steady-state conditions with a nozzle 1.41 mm in diameter and 4.35 mm in length, covering the inlet pressure range of 22.1-26.8 MPa and inlet temperature range of 38-474°C. The parametric trend of the flow rate was investigated, and the experimental data were compared with the predictions of the homogeneous equilibrium model, the Bernoulli correlation, and the models used in the reactor safety analysis code RELAP5/MOD3.3. It is concluded that in the near or beyond pseudo-critical region, thermal-dynamic equilibrium is dominant, and at a lower temperature, choking does not occur. The onset of the choking condition is not predicted reasonably by the RELAP5 code.

关键词： critical flow supercritical water-cooled reactor(SCWR) reactor safety loss of coolant accident(LOCA)

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中国改进型压水堆核电技术——CPR1000的形成

濮继龙

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第3期页码 54-57

摘要：

介绍了目前正在建设的岭澳核电站（二期）和辽宁红沿河核电站所采用技术——CPR1000的形成过程及其中的重要技术创新点。

关键词：压水堆 CPR1000 自主品牌

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Corrosion mechanisms of candidate structural materials for supercritical water-cooled reactor

Lefu ZHANG, Fawen ZHU, Rui TANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 233-240 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0024-y

摘要： Nickel-based alloys, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic/martensitic heat-resistant steels, and oxide dispersion strengthened steel are presently considered to be the candidate structural or fuel-cladding materials for supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR), one of the promising generation IV reactor for large-scale electric power production. However, corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of these candidate alloys still remain to be a major problem in the selection of nuclear fuel cladding and other structural materials, such as water rod. Survey of literature and experimental results reveal that the general corrosion mechanism of those candidate materials exhibits quite complicated mechanism in high-temperature and high-pressure supercritical water. Formation of a stable protective oxide film is the key to the best corrosion-resistant alloys. This paper focuses on the mechanism of corrosion oxide film breakdown for SCWR candidate materials.

关键词： supercritical water-cooled reactor general corrosion oxide film corrosion mechanism

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Experimental study on saturated flow boiling heat transfer of R290/R152a binary mixtures in a horizontal

Xin ZOU, Maoqiong GONG, Gaofei CHEN, Zhaohu SUN, Jianfeng WU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 527-534 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0109-7

摘要： An experimental study on the saturated flow boiling heat transfer for a binary mixture of R290/R152a at various compositions is conducted at pressures ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 MPa. The heat transfer coefficients are experimentally measured over mass fluxes ranging from 74.1 to 146.5 kg/(m ·s) and heat fluxes ranging from 13.1 to 65.5 kW/m . The influences of different parameters such as quality, saturation pressure, heat flux, and mass flux on the local heat transfer coefficient are discussed. Existing correlations are analyzed. The Gungor-Winterton correlation shows the best fit among experimental data for the two pure refrigerants. A modified correlation for the binary mixture is proposed based on the authors’ previous work on pool boiling heat transfer and the database obtained from this study. The result shows that the total mean deviation is 10.41% for R290/R152a mixtures, with 97.6% of the predictions falling within±30%.

关键词： flow boiling heat transfer binary mixture R290/R152a

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Degradation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water by ozone oxidation

XU Bin, GAO Naiyun, RUI Min, WANG Hong, WU Haihui

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 350-356 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0060-y

摘要： The ozone oxidation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water was investigated. A stainless completely mixed reactor was employed to carry out the degradation experiments by means of a batch model. With an initial concentration of 11.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of BPA (bisphenol A) could be measured up to 70%, 82%, and 90% when the dosages of ozone were 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/L, respectively. The impacts on BPA degradation under the conditions of different ozone dosages, water background values, BPA initial concentrations, and ozone adding time were analyzed. The results showed that ozone dosage plays a dominant role during the process of BPA degradation, while the impact of the contact time could be ignored. UV wavelength scanning was used to confirm that the by-products were produced, which could be absorbed at UV254. The value of UV254 was observed to have changed during the ozonation process. Based on the change of UV254, it could be concluded that BPA is not completely degraded at low ozone dosage, while shorter adding time of total ozone dosage, high ozone dosage, and improvement of dissolved ozone concentration greatly contribute to the extent of BPA degradation. The effects of applied HO dose in ozone oxidation of BPA were also examined in this study. The O-HO processes proved to have similar effects on the degradation of BPA by ozone oxidation.

关键词： BPA scanning reactor process O-HO

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低高宽比矩形微通道中流动沸腾的压降特性

张炳雷,徐进良,肖泽军

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第12期页码 86-93

摘要：以甲醇为工质，在不同进口温度、质量流率、热流密度和倾角下，对低高宽比矩形微通道中流动沸腾压降特性进行了研究，并分别采用均相模型和分相模型对通道压降进行了计算。通过对比实验结果与计算结果发现，均相模型中两相平均粘度的计算应当采用Dukler公式，用其他计算式时误差较大；利用LockhartMartinelli关系式进行的分相模型计算发现，现有C值计算公式，如Chisholm,Lee and Lee，Mishima及Qu and Mudawar等，都不能用于预测该实验中低高宽比微通道的两相压降。实验发现当通

关键词：压降特性；均相模型；分相模型；微通道；流动沸腾

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Interlayer-confined two-dimensional manganese oxide-carbon nanotube catalytic ozonation membrane for efficient water

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第5期页码 731-744 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2110-6

摘要： Catalytic ozonation technology has attracted copious attention in water purification owing to its favorable oxidative degradation of pollutants and mitigation of membrane fouling capacity. However, its extensive industrial application has been restricted by the low ozone utilization and limited mass transfer of the short-lived radical species. Interlayer space-confined catalysis has been theoretically proven to be a viable strategy for achieving high catalytic efficiency. Here, a two-dimensional MnO₂-incorporated ceramic membrane with tunable interspacing, which was obtained via the intercalation of a carbon nanotube, was designed as a catalytic ozonation membrane reactor for degrading methylene blue. Benefiting from the abundant catalytic active sites on the surface of two-dimensional MnO₂ as well as the ultralow mass transfer resistance of fluids due to the nanolayer confinement, an excellent mineralization effect, i.e., 1.2 mg O_3(aq) mg^–1 TOC removal (a total organic carbon removal rate of 71.5%), was achieved within a hydraulic retention time of 0.045 s of pollutant degradation. Further, the effects of hydraulic retention time and interlayer spacing on methylene blue removal were investigated. Moreover, the mechanism of the catalytic ozonation employing catalytic ozonation membrane was proposed based on the contribution of the Mn(III/IV) redox pair to electron transfer to generate the reactive oxygen species. This innovative two-dimensional confinement catalytic ozonation membrane could act as a nanoreactor and separator to efficiently oxidize organic pollutants and enhance the control of membrane fouling during water purification.

关键词： catalytic membrane reactor catalytic ozonation nanoconfinement two-dimensional manganese oxide

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Removal of dissolved oxygen from water using a Pd-resin based catalytic reactor

Wenxin SHI, Chongwei CUI, Liye ZHAO, Shuili YU, Xia YUN

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 107-111 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0154-0

摘要： The removal of dissolved oxygen (DO) from water was studied experimentally in a Pd-resin base catalyst reactor using purified hydrogen gas as a reducing agent. The effects of various operating conditions, such as hydrogen and water flow rates, height of the catalytic resin bed, temperature, pH value and run time, on the removal of DO, had been studied extensively. The results shows that DO could be removed by the reactor from ppm to ppb levels at ambient temperature. Increases of temperature, H gas rate and the height of the catalytic resin were helpful to improve the DO removal rate. The change of pH value from 4 to 12 resulted in no effect on DO removal. Reaction time was the key factor to control the DO removal efficiency. Only when the reaction time was longer than 2.3 minutes under the experimental conditions, could a very low DO level be achieved.

关键词： dissolved oxygen palladium catalytic reactor hydrogen resin

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Feasibility analysis of modified AL-6XN steel for structure component application in supercritical water-cooledreactor

Xinggang LI, Qingzhi YAN, Rong MA, Haoqiang WANG, Changchun GE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 193-197 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0030-0

摘要： Modified AL-6XN austenite steel was patterned after AL-6XN superaustenitic stainless steel by introducing microalloy elements such as zirconium and titanium in order to adapt to recrystallizing thermo-mechanical treatment and further improve crevice corrosion resistance. Modified AL-6XN exhibited comparable tensile strength, and superior plasticity and impact toughness to commercial AL-6XN steel. The effects of aging behavior on corrosion resistance and impact toughness were measured to evaluate the qualification of modified AL-6XN steel as an in-core component and cladding material in a supercritical water-cooled reactor. Attention should be paid to degradation in corrosion resistance and impact toughness after aging for 50 hours when modified AL-6XN steel is considered as one of the candidate materials for in-core components and cladding tubes in supercritical water-cooled reactors.

关键词： supercritical water cooled reactor tensile impact toughness corrosion aging